Limitations of the pilot study as well as implications for nursing practice and education are described.
Advances in the field of information and communication technologies have substantially affected most segments of our life, leading to the Information Age or Information Revolution. On both individual and state scale, 'information' has become a vital 'commodity' by which one measures levels of knowledge, skills, well-being, prosperity and development. This academic work traces the evolution of the Information Age and the emerging trends of diplomacy and politics in today's world. It signals potential opportunities and threats, while strategically forecasting current and future implications.
Including three major chapters, the work is divided into eleven significant themes. It reviews the emergence of knowledge-based societies and highlights their main features. The course of globalization, the worldwide Internet development, the consequences of restricting the flow of information, and the Revolution in Military Affairs are among the issues examined.
Also thoroughly treated is the evolution of diplomacy, with reference to information and intelligence gathering, analysis, and policy-making. The publication outlines the qualifications of diplomats and executives required at the present and coming stages of professionalism. In addition to examining contemporary traditional and non-traditional conflicts around the globe, it takes a look at U.S. hegemony policies in world affairs.
Certain cultural and social issues directly linked to the Information Age are dealt with as well. They refer to the growing importance of culture and identity awareness in an era of increasing social interdependence, and to the global evolution of languages and their use in everyday life and in current affairs.
The book concludes with a set of observations in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the United States. The observations point to particular notions and developments that influence our way of living, politics and diplomacy. Furthermore, specific analysis is made to the U.S. invasion in Iraq in March 2003 and to its consequences.Abstract
We introduce the notion of twisted generalized complex submanifolds and describe an
equivalent characterization in terms of Poisson–Dirac submanifolds. Our
characterization recovers a result of Vaisman (2007). An equivalent characterization
is also given in terms of spinors. As a consequence, we show that the fixed locus of an
involution preserving a twisted generalized complex structure is a twisted generalized
complex submanifold. We also prove that a twisted generalized complex
manifold has a natural Poisson structure. We also discuss generalized Kähler
submanifolds.
Keywords
generalized complex geometry, Poisson bivector, Poisson–Dirac submanifold
Mathematical Subject Classification
Primary: 53C56, 53D17, 53D35
Abstract
We study positive solutions of an equation with singular nonlinearities.
The equation arises in the study of equilibrium states of thin films.
Under weak assumptions on the nonlinearity, we show that for
N ≥ 3 there exists a family
of radial solutions {uα}α>0
with uα(0) = α and each of
them is oscillatory in (0,∞).
We obtain then a singular radial solution in
(0,∞) by taking the limit
α → 0. Meanwhile, using the
solutions obtained in (0,∞),
we show some existence results for the corresponding Neumann eigenvalue problem
on a ball.
Keywords
elliptic equation with singular nonlinearity, rupture solutions, oscillation
Mathematical Subject Classification
Primary: 35J60, 35B45, 35B05
Kepemimpinan Keorganisasian
Zainul Arifin
Perebutan ketua terjadi mulai dari tingkat rayon yang terkadang menimbulkan persoalan kebelakang. Dibeberapa tempat, cabang-cabang terjadi banyak permasalahan sebagai akibat dari perebutan ketua umum. Dalam praktek kita memcoba menggali berbagai problem yang terjadi sekaligus dengan solusinya.
Peserta diminta untuk menuliskan sifat paling jelek yang dimilikinya.
Peserta diminta menuliskan kelemahan dan kelebihannya.
Peserta diminta untuk saling menukarkan kertas yang berisi sifat jelek, kelemahan dan kelebihannya
Masing-masing peserta membaca kertas temannya kemudian diminta memberikan penambahan sifat, kelemahan dan kelebihan temannya.
Salah satu peserta diminta secara berani mengungkapkan perasaannya ketika mengungkapkan perasaan temannya dan perasaan dirinya.
Sifat baik :
Menghargai orang lain
Bisa bergaul dengan siapapun
Bekerja keras
Sifat jelek :
Sulit menerima jika disakiti
Angkuh pendendam
Kelemahan : tak tercopy
Kelebihan : tak tercopy
Perasaan ketika mengungkapkan :
1. Berat tidaknya mengungkapkan kepribadian, sifatnya personal, tak seorangpun yang menginginkan diketahui kelemahannya.
2. malu mengungkapkankebaikan karena dikira sombong
3. belum mengetahui bagaimana sifat yang sebenarnya karena sebelumnya belum saling mengenal.
4. penulisan sifat baik, kekurangan dan kelebihan dapat dikatakan sudah jujur, tetapi mungkin kurang maksimal dalam mengungkapkannya. Secara pribadi, senang jika sifat jeleknya diketahui oleh orang lain.
Peserta diminta menulis kelemahan dan kelebihan dari Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam
Peserta diminta saling menukar kemudian mengkoreksi dan menambahi.
Kelebihan :
- jaringan luas
- nama besar
- tahan banting
- bisa membentuk kader militant
kelemahan :
Kepemimpinan :
1. Personal
- kenali diri
kita tidak akan mudah hidup jika kita tidak mengetahui diri kita. Proses kepemimpinan yang baik adalah jiika kita mengetahui diri kita sendiri. Kita harus mengetahui apa kekurangan dan kelehihan kita, karena tanpa itu kirta sulit memahami diri kita. Konsep kepemimpinan yang pertama dalaha kita bisa memehami siapa diri kita. Usaha mendialogkan diri kita dengan realitas (resiensi). Dengan mengetahui kelemaham kita dapat berusaha untuk meningkatkannya. Dengan berorganisasi kita bisa saling melengkapi kekurangan-kekurangan yang saling kita miliki. Dengan mengetahui kekurangan diri kita bisa menangkap peluang
- tentukan visi
banyak teman-teman pasti akan bingung ketika ditanya mengapa kuliah di PTS X ? karena mereka tidak mengetahui untuk apa dan mengapa ia kuliah di situ. Apa yang menjadi sejarah masa depan kita ? apa target pribadi kita ? adalah syarat mutlak yang harus kita miliki. Visi merupakan sejarah masa depan yang perlu untuk dirumuskan. Problem organisasi terkadang berangkat dari persoalan-persoalan pribadi yang pada akhirnya dapat menghambat jalannya organisasi. Kalo dalam organisasi tidak ada yang memenej, maka akan mnjadi momok dalam oragnisasi itu sendiri. Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam
- ambil langkah/bila perlu beresiko
jika anda memiliki target, anda juga harus siap dengan sgala kemungkinan. Kadangkala seseorang kalau terlalu berharap, ia cenderung melupakan kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang terjadi. Kita harus siap dengan alternative-alternatif yang lain. Seorang pemimpin tidak boleh memiliki sikap murung atau bersedih walaupun sedang menghadapi kesulitan.Kita harus siap dan berani dalam menhadapi segala masalah-masalah yang muncul.
- komunikasi
tidak banyak dari kita bisa mengungkapkan pikirannya walaupun dia orang yang tergolong cerdas. Komunikasi merupakan salaha satu kemampuan yang harus dimiliki seorang pemimpin sehingga diharapkan mampu melakukan negoisasi. Performance dan
- evaluasi hasil
apa yang menjadi target kita harus dievaluasi untuk melihat sejauh mana langkah-langkah yang telah kita lakukan. Kemajuan-kemajua yang tercapai dapat dijadikan ukuran untuk kepemimpinan selanjutnya. Kelebihan harus dikembangkan dan sebaliknya segala kekurangan-kekurangan harus dilengkapi.
2. Conporat/organisasional
- kenali organisasi anda
Kelemahan di Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam
- kenali visi
apa yang menjadi rumusan terkadang hanya menjadi huruf-huruf yang tidak dilaksanakan.
- ambil resiko (langkah)
untuk menjalankan apa yang menjadi visi atau realitas organisasi. Disitu aka terjadi benturan-benturan.
- komunikasi organisasi yang efektif
Dalam organisasi harus mampu menjalin kompunikasi yang baik.
- mengecek hasil
forum-forum yang ada sering kali hanya menjadi semacam temu kangen. Tidak ada konsistensi untuk menajalankannya. Workshop kaderasasi yang dilaksanakan pada saati ini dengan tujuan menyusun materi kaderisasi sedikit menyimpanga, sebab hal tersebut sudah pernah dirumuskan pada muspim. Workshop kali ini lebih pada melakukan desain dan implikasi yang perlu dilakukan.
Antoni Calvó-Armengol
Antoni ("Toni") Calvó-Armengol passed away on November 3, 2007 at the age of 37.
Economics has not only lost a wonderful and energetic person, but also a gifted theorist.
Toni made important contributions on several subjects, and in a short time had become one of the leading theorists of his generation. Some of the highlights include Toni's work on social networks in labor markets. That work showed how patterns of employment and wages that were not well-understood with existing models could be explained when one takes into account the sharing of job information through networks. He also developed a simple but elegant network model of criminal behavior and other interactions that involve local network complementarities. The model provides an elegant connection between behavior and the centrality of players in the network, showing how the influence of players on equilibrium play can be accounted for with existing measures of how central a player is. Toni's research was wide-ranging, and even explored his Andorran roots. In one paper, he showed how a mutual fire insurance scheme, called "La Crema," used in the rural farm communities of Andorra could be understood as an efficient mechanism for sharing risk.
Toni's deep passion for economics and for life will be sorely missed.
Selected Publications:
Antonio Cabrales, Antoni Calvo-Armengol, and Matthew O. Jackson (2003) "La Crema: Fire Insurance in a Village Economy of Modern Day Europe," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 111, no. 2, pp 425-458.
Antoni Calvo-Armengol and Matthew O. Jackson (2004) "The Effects of Social Networks on Employment and Inequality," American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 3, 426-454.
Antoni Calvo-Armengol (2004) "Job Contact Networks," Journal of Economic Theory, 115, 191-206.
Caralio Ballester., Antoni Calvo-Armengol, and Yves Zenou (2006) "Who's Who in Networks: Wanted the Key Player," Econometrica, Vol. 74, No. 5, 1403-1417.
Antoni Calvo-Armengol and Matthew O. Jackson (2007) "Networks in Labor Markets: Wage Dynamics and Inequality," Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 132, No. 1, 27-46.
1. Pada 5 tahun pertama dalam kehidupan seorang anak, pembentukan identitas gender menjadi sangat penting karena tahap itu adalah tahap ketika seorang anak akan mengolah informasi yang didapatnya dengan optimal dan merubahnya menjadi debuah skema yang akan diterapkan dalam kehidupannya di masa yang akan datang. Pembentukan gender yang dimaksud adalah pembentukan gender sesuai dengan kebudayaan dimana anak tersebut tinggal. Hal tersebut perlu dilakukan agar anak tersebut kelak dapat diterima di lingkungannya dengan baik. Namun, dalam proses sosialisasi peran gender tersebut, perlu pula ditekankan bahwa gender bukan merupakan kodrat yang mutlak tidak dapat diubah, gender adalah sesuatu yang bisa dipertukarkan antara laki-laki dan perempuan.
Sewaktu kecil, seingat saya, saya tidak merasa harus menjadi feminin hanya karena saya adalah seorang anak perempuan. Saya pun tidak merasa saya harus maskulin. Saya merasa tidak terbebani dengan maskulinitas dan feminitas. Saya harus berbuat benar karena memang itulah yang harus dilakukan oleh seorang anak, terlepas dari dia laki-laki atau perempuan. Saya boleh menangis ketika kesakitan atau bersedih, namun tentunya dalam batasan wajar, tidak terlalu lama dan berlebihan. Saya bisa bermain apa saja tanpa pengecualian. Saya bebas mencita-citakan profesi apapun yang saya inginkan. Saya dapat bermain dengan siapa saja tanpa membeda-bedakan jenis kelamin teman bermain saya.
Setalah semakin dewasa tentunya saya melihat, merekam, dan memahami berbagai pengalaman yang saya dapat sendiri maupun dari orang lain mengenai gender. Hal tersebut semakin meyakinkan saya bahwa sejak kecil memang saya tidak hidup di lingkungan yang bias gender, sehingga membuat saya bisa menjadi orang yang tidak bias gender dalam hidup. Kalaupun sekarang saya merasa saya cenderung dominan feminin, itu bukan karena lingkungan saya yang mengharuskan, namun karena saya yang memilihnya. Dan tingginya feminitas saya tidak membuat saya tidak berusaha konform dengan maskulintas. Saya masih berkeyakinan bahwa menjadi mandiri, tegas, berani dan memiliki kemampuan itu penting. Saya pun merasa bahwa hal itu akan membawa keuntungan bagi saya selama saya dapan mengkombinasikan feminitas dan maskulinitas saya dengan baik sesuai dengan porsinya.
2. Berdasarkan pengamatan saya, dalam masyarakat Indonesia sudah terlihat adanya gejala kohabitasi. Hal ini dapat kita lihat dalam tayangan-tayangan televisi yang dengan terang-terangan menayangkan kehidupan para artis yang tinggal serumah tanpa menikah, dan bahkan dengan bangga mengatakan mereka mempunyai anak di luar pernikahan. Misalnya, sebut saja artis bernama Andy Soraya yang tinggal serumah dengan Steve Immanuel tanpa menikah. Mereka bahkan juga mempunyai seorang anak hasil hubungan mereka. Mereka bahkan mengaku tidak akan menikah karena menurut mereka pernikahan hanya akan membawa mereka ke dalam situasi yang sifatnya mengekang dan hal itu tentu tidak menyenangkan bagi mereka. Mereka berkeyakinan bahwa mereka akan lebih bahagia jika mereka bisa saling memberi tanpa perlu adanya pengorbanan.
Contoh lain, misalnya kehidupan mahasiswa di kampus-kampus tertentu. Laki-laki dan perempuan tinggal dalam satu kamar kost. Di kampus-kampus tertentu hal ini sudah menjadi rahasia umum. Mereka tidak merasa membutuhkan suatu komitmen lebih lanjut, dalam hal ini pernikahan, karena tanpa komitmen itu pun mereka bisa hidup senang tanpa memikirkan norma dan aturan yang berlaku di masyarakat.
Dalam kohabitasi yang terjadi pada contoh-contoh kasus di atas, perilaku gender memang tidak terlalu terkesan kaku. Pasangan-pasangan tersebut tidak begitu mempersoalkan perbedaan peran antara mereka sebagai laki-laki dan perempuan. Dalam artian, mereka dapat saja dengan mudah bertukar peran antara laki-laki dan perempuan ketika memang hal itu diperlukan. Hal ini dapat jelas ketika kita melihat perilaku gender pada pasangan kohabitasi yang sudah mempunyai anak. Dalam kasus diatas, pada pasangan Andy Soraya dan Steve Immanuel, mereka sangat toleran dalam perilaku gender mereka sehari-hari. Steve Immanuel mengaku tidak keberatan jika dia memang harus mengurus anak mereka sewaktu Andy Soraya bekerja. Pola komunikasi gender yang fleksibel juga ditunjukkan oleh pasangan kohabitasi yang tidak mempunyai anak, meskipun tidak terlalu jelas. Dalam hubungan mereka, mereka tidak menganut azas patriarkhi yang biasanya dianut oleh kebanyakan pasangan menikah di Indonesia. Kecenderungan terjalinnya pola komunikasi gender yang fleksibel ini mungkin dikarenakan pasangan-pasangan yang memutuskan untuk berkohabitasi adalah pasangan-pasangan merasa modern dan menganggap aturan-aturan hanya akan menyusahkan mereka, sehingga dalam berkomunikasi gender pun mereka tidak terlalu ambil pusing dengan standar-standar perilaku sesuai dengan jenis kelamin yang dibentuk oleh masyarakat dan bahkan oleh agama.
3. Saya menggolongkan diri saya mempunyai ego boundaries yang dapat menyesuaikan dengan lingkungan tempat saya tinggal. Dengan ego boundaries yang dapat menyesuaikan lingkungan itulah saya dapat lebih mudah dalam berkomunikasi gender. Saya merasa mampu memilah dan memilih sikap, cara berbicara, isi pembicaraan tergantung siapa lawan bicara saya dan suasana yang mendukung berlangsungnya komunikasi.
Misalnya ketika saya harus berbicara dengan orang yang sedang terlihat murng, maka saya merasa harus lebih hati-hati dalam berbicara, menggunakan suara yang lembut, bersikap hangat, dan menyejukkan. Namun ketika saya berbicara dengan sahabat saya yang sudah saya kenal dengan sangat dekat, mungkin saya tidak merasa harus selembut dan sehati-hati seperti saya sedang berbicara dengan orang yang sedang murung tadi. Saya akan merasa lebih nyaman untuk bercanda dan berbicara dengan santai. Dan cara berkomunikasi pun akan lain jika saya berbicara dengan orang yang lebih tua daripada saya. Saya akan menggunakan bahasa yang sopan, ramah, menunjukkan penghargaan saya terhadap beliau tanpa bersikap berlebihan.
4. Mainan yang saya dapatkan dari oang tua saya sewaktu kecil hampir selalu boneka. Menurut saya, boneka-boneka yang diberikan oleh orang tua saya sesuai dengan identitas gender saya sebagai perempuan. Sebagai anak perempuan, saya diharapkan untuk menjadi perempuan yang lembut dan penuh kasih sayang. Boneka yang mereka berikan pada saya dapat melatih kepekaan dan mengasah rasa kasih sayang saya terhadap sesama. Karena boneka itu saya perlakukan layaknya manusia yang harus saya sayangi, saya manjakan, dan saya perlakukan hati-hati.
Namun sekali waktu, saya pernah meminta mainan mobil-mobilan yang bisa dinaiki dan dikemudikan. Orang tua saya tidak keberatan untuk membelikannya, karena menurut mereka mainan mobil-mobilan itu tidak akan menimbulkan permasalahan dalam perkembangan identitas gender saya. Meskipun saya diharapkan menjadi seorang anak perempuan yang peka terhadap sesama dan penuh kasih sayang, mungkin dengan mobil-mobilan yang mereka belikan dapat mengajarkan saya bahwa saya kelak harus jadi mandiri. Mereka dengan senang hati menemani saya yang sedang bermain seolah-olah sedang mengendarai mobil sendiri menuju suatu tempat. Mungkin dengan begitu mereka sedang mengajarkan saya untuk tidak tergantung kepada orang lain.
5. Model maskulinitas dan feminitas yang diajarkan orang tua saya ditunjukkan dengan contoh-contoh perilaku sehari-hari mereka di rumah. Feminitas yang diperlihatkan oleh Ibu saya berupa sikap perhatian kepada anak-anak dan suaminya, lemah lembut, penyayang, selalu bersedia dijadikan tempat mengadu oleh anggota keluarga yang lain, bersahabat, tulus, menyejukkan. Sedangkan siakp maskulin yang ditunjukkan oleh Ayah berupa sikap tegas , dominan, kuat, mandiri, dan memimpin. Namun demikian, hal-hal tersebut tidak menghalangi Ayah dan Ibu bersikap sebaliknya. Dalam artian, Ibu dapat saja bersikap tegas ketika memang saya melakukan kesalahan dan beliau merasa perlu menegur, dan Ayah juga dalam situasi tertentu sangat dapat bersikap bersahabat dan mesra misalnya seperti memberikan kecupan selamat tidur kepada anak-anaknya.
Hal tersebut menurut saya sangat bermuatan genser namun tidak menimbulkan bias. Saya menjadi tahu apa yang biasanya dan sepatutnya dilakukan oleh seorang Ibu atau Ayah, namun semua hal itu tidak bersifat mutlak. Mereka pun dalam memberikan pendidikan secara langsung kepada anak-anaknya tidak berbias gender. Misalnya, mereka melarang saya bangun siang bukan karena saya anak perempuan tapi karena memang seharusnya semua orang bangun pagi dan melakukan hal berguna. Contoh lain, mereka mengharuskan saya bersikap sopan karena memang sudah sepatutnya semua orang, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan berlaku sopan kepada orang yang lebih tua.
6. Menjadi laki-laki dan perempuan pada masa ini sebenarnya tidak jauh berbeda dengan menjadi laki-laki dan perempuan pada masa sebelumnya. Perbedan justru terlihat dari persepsi masyarakat mengenai gender. Dewasa ini jumlah masyarakat yang memahami gender sudah meningkat dari masa sebelumnya, setidaknya masyarakat mejadi tahu bahwa gender ini berbeda dengan kodrat. Sebagian masyarakat sudah mengetahui bahwa gender hanyalah merupakan identitas yang dibentuk dan ditempelkan masyarakat pada masing-masing jenis kelamin. Peningkatan pengetahuan itulah yang dapat mempermudah seseorang dalam menentukan perilaku gender. Sekarang sudah hampir dapat dikatakan tidak ada lagi pengekangan hak perempuan untuk menuntut ilmu setinggi-tingginya, tidak ada lagi batasan jenis kelamin untuk profesi tertentu. Bahkan perempuan pun bebas bekerja seharian penuh di luar rumah untuk menambah penghasilan keluarga dan menyerahkan pengasuhan anaknya kepada orang lain, misalnya kepada pembantu, seorang laki-laki tidak lagi tabu berlenggak-lenggok di catwalk sebagai pragawan, berkreasi sebagai designer, dll. Pada masa ini, menurut saya seorang perempuan atau laki-laki dapat menentukan pilihan mereka sendiri. Budaya yang dianut masyarakat dewasa ini juga masih memegang peranan dalam penentuan sikap sebagai laki-laki atau perempuan, namun pada masa kini hal itu tidak lagi menjadi penentu utama. Karena masyarakat pun sudah semakin terbiasa dengan hal-hal seperti itu. Laki-laki dan perempuan dipandang setara dengan berbagai karakteristik yang berbeda untuk dapat saling melengkapi dalam hidupnya.
Namun, tidak semua masyarakat yang hidup di zaman sekarang sudah berpikiran terbuka mengenai gender. Masih ada juga masyarakat yang buta gender dan masih menganggap gender sebagai suatu hal yang absolut. Laki-laki dan perempuan masih dipandang tidak sejajar, dimana laki-laki harus selalu menjadi panutan yang absolut, kuat, asertif, mandiri, pemimpin, dan dominan. Sedangkan perempuan seolah-olah diposisikan di bawah, lebih rendah daripada laki-laki, harus selalu mengabdi dan melayani suami apapun yang terjadi. Demikian kuatnya bias gender yang ditanamkan dalam kehidupan sebagian masyarakat ini, sampai-sampai mereka masih mempertahankan budaya bias gender pada masa ini.
Hal-hal yang tidak saya sukai tentang menjadi perempuan adalah ketika berada diantara orang-orang yang masih berbias gender. Tentunya berada di tengah-tengah orang-orang semacam itu akan membuat saya merasa diremehkan dan dianggap lemah, bahkan merasa dilecehkan. Selebihnya saya suka menjadi seorang perempuan.
7. Keluarga dapat berperan dalam merubah steroetipi sosialisasi nilai-nilai gender terhadap anak-anak mereka. Keluarga idealnya menjadi faktor utama dalam perkembangan seorang anak, termasuk di dalamnya membentuk identitas gender seorang anak. Tahapan terpenting dalam pengolahan informasi menjadi sebuah skema yang akan diterapkan seorang anak adalah pada 5 tahun pertama kehidupannya, dan pada umumnya 5 tahun pertama seorang anak akan dihabiskan bersama keluarganya. Anak-anak dapat juga berhubungan dengan orang lain di luar lingkungan keluarga, namun tetap yang menjadi panutan utama mereka adalah keluarga. Oleh karena itu peran keluarga dalam mensosialisasikan gender sangatlah penting, sehingga keluarga menjadi sangat penting dalam merubah sosialisasi nilai-nilai gender terhadap anak-anak.
Cara yang harus dilakukan pertama kali adalah dengan merubah semua cara mendidik anak yang bias gender, dan menerapkan didikan yang berbasis gender dengan tepat. Dengan menerapkan didikan bahwa gender itu dapat dipertukarkan. Misalnya, dengan tidak lagi melarang anak laki-laki menangis jika kesakitan, tidak melarang anak perempuan bercita-cita sebagai pilot, menerapkan disiplin yang sama antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan, tidak hanya mendidi anak laki-laki untuk jadi kuat dan mandiri, tetapi juga mendidik anak perempuan agar dapat mandiri dan tidak cengeng, dsb.
Karen Lee Aten
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liane Connelly
Thesis Title: The Relationship of Professional Self-Concept of Staff Nurses and Intent to Stay at Current Job Position
Abdolazeez R. Attalep
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carrol Haggard
Thesis Title: Effectiveness of Public Relations Textbooks Utilized in Saudi Arabia’s Colleges and Universities
Darin J. Challacombe
Psychology (General)
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Greg Turek
Thesis Title: Embodied Attraction: How Body Postures can Influence Attraction
Elizabeth Dail Cline
Speech Language Pathology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. C. Frederick Britten
Thesis Title: Auditory Processing Abilities of Adult Male Offenders
Scott William Cumming
Geology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Kenneth R. Neuhauser
Thesis Title: 3-D Seismic Interpretation in the Catherine Oil Field Area of Ellis County, Kansas
Tena M. Elwood
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Karolyn Kells
Thesis Title: Attrition and the Presence of Hardiness in Nursing Students
Sonia Esquivel
Counseling
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Billy C. Daley
Thesis Title: The Latino Student Perception of Their Experience at Fort Hays State University
Takehito Ikejiri
Geology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Richard J. Zakrzewski
Thesis Title: Anatomy of Camarasaurus Lentus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic), Thermopolis, Central Wyoming, with Determination and Interpretation of Ontogenetic, Sexual Dimorphic, and Individual Variation in the Genus
Curtis Lauterbach
HHP
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Duane Shepherd
Thesis Title: The Effect of Flexibility Training on Flexibility Power and Agility in Female Athletes Participating in Track and Softball
Shauna R. Marquardt
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Jerry R. Choate
Thesis Title: Differential Energetic Demands of Chiropteran Maternity Roosts as Determined by Diet
Dee Ann Nelson Rundell
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liane Connelly
Thesis Title: Nurse Empowerment and Job Satisfaction in Rural Kansas Hospitals
Carrie Ann Schmidt Konen
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liane Connelly
Thesis Title: Mentoring, Job Satisfaction, and Intent to Stay of Novice Midwestern Hospital Staff Nurses
Lance Thurlow
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Eric Gillock
Thesis Title: Characterization of an Environmental Bacterium by 16s rRNA Sequence Analysis, Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Toni Marie M. Alstrom
School Psychology
Field Study Advisor: Dr. Stephen Kitzis
Field Study Title: The Relation between Severity of Disability and Postsecondary Plans
William E. Genereux
Liberal Studies (INT)
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Mark Bannister
Thesis Title: Understanding Student Information Systems in Kansas Community Colleges
Eric R. Johnson
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. William J. Stark
Thesis Title: Population Characteristics of the Introduced White Perch (Morone Americana) in the Ninnescah River System and Assessment of Community Structure after Invasion
Jennifer B. Karnatz
Speech-Language Pathology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. C. Frederick Britten
Thesis Title: The Larson Consonant Sound Discrimination Test: Reliability and Validity Data for Third through Sixth Grade Students
Rachel A. Knight
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Karen R. Hickman
Thesis Title: Assessment of the Spread and Distribution of Old World Bluestems (Bothriochloa Spp.) at Local and Landscape Scales
Karen A. McCullough
Education Administration
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Billy C. Daley
Thesis Title: Burnout in College Seniors
Curtis J. Schmidt
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. William J. Stark
Thesis Title: Natural History and Status of the Exploited Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus Viridis) in Western Kansas and a Herpetofaunal Inventory of the Smoky Valley Ranch, Logan County, Kansas
Allison Sosa
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carrol Haggard
Thesis Title: Communication Image: A Survey and Analysis of Communication Methods used by a Rural Non-Profit Organization
Trevor Stapp
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carrol Haggard
Thesis Title: Subliminal Messages: Do they Really Affect People's Behaviors and Motivational States?
Darci Wederski
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liane Connelly
Thesis Title: Self-Esteem of Inmates who Participate in a Dog Program
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Heather Alexander
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carrol Haggard
Thesis Title: The Correlation Between Students Perceptions of Their Body Image and
Communication Apprehension
Denise Boone
School Psychology
Field Study Advisor: Dr. Steve F. Duvall
Field Study Title: An Observational Study of How Elementary Non-Disabled Students are Academically and Behaviorally Affected by the Inclusion of a Student with Mental Retardation in the General Education Classroom
Jeannine Kuhlman Bergsma
School Psychology
Field Study Advisor: Dr. Steven F. Duvall
Field Study Title: Relational Aggression in Young Adolescent Females
Kimberly J. Brady
Psychology (Clinical)
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carol Patrick-Land
Thesis Title: A Comparison of Empathy and Moral Development in Child Molesters within a Court-Mandated Outpatient Treatment Program
Alisha Lynn Eickhoff
School Psychology
Field Study Advisor: Dr. Steven F. Duvall
Field Study Title: An Observational Study Examining the Academic and Social Interaction Behaviors of Students with Learning Disabilities in Three Different Educational Settings: Inclusive, Resource, and Regular Education Classrooms
Charlotte Hinger
History
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Raymond Wilson
Thesis Title: African American Activists: The Pioneer Politicians of Nicodemus, Kansas, 1877-1880
Jiang-Bo Huang-Fu (Peter)
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carrol Haggard
Thesis Title: Education in an Age of Globalization: A Study of the Relationship between Interaction and Satisfaction in the FHSU/SIAS Joint Distance Education Program
Steven D. Keil
Liberal Studies
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Chris Crawford
Thesis Title: An Assessment of the Relationship between Character Development and Moral Leadership
Jessica Jane Linenberger
School Psychology
Field Study Advisor: Dr. Steven F. Duvall
Field Study Title: The Academic Engagement and Social Skills Behaviors of Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities within Resource, Inclusion, and General Education Classroom Settings
Charmaine McDonald
Art
Thesis Advisor: Linda Ganstrom
Thesis Title: Transformation
Katharine L Miller
Psychology (Clinical)
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carrie Nassif
Thesis Title: A Meta-Analysis of Dialectical Behavior Therapy across Variable Populations and Settings
Brett Murray
School Psychology
Field Study Advisor: Dr. Steven F. Duvall
Field Study Title: A Comparison of Academic Engagement and Social Interaction for Four Students with Learning Disabilities across Instructional Settings with Varying Degrees of Restrictiveness
Thaveesilp Dang Nimchanya
Art
Thesis Advisor: Linda Ganstrom
Thesis Title: Rapprochement in Clay
Andrea J. Ring
Psychology (Clinical)
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Greg Turek
Thesis Title: The Effects of Lyrics of Selected Popular Music Forms on Body Image
Jonathon S. Russell
Art
Thesis Advisor: Chaiwat Thumsujarit
Thesis Title: Inspiration: Artifact
Yolanda Raquel Salinas
Psychology (Clinical)
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Kenneth Olson
Thesis Title: False Memory and the DRM Paradigm: The Relations of Recall and Recognition with Stress and State-Trait Anxiety
Rebecca A. Streifel
Psychology (Clinical)
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Greg Turek
Thesis Title: An Examination of the Relations among Body Image Distortion, Body Dissatisfaction, Unhealthy Body Mass Index, and their Prediction of Drive for Thinness
Shane R. Trentman
School Psychology
Field Study Advisor: Dr. Steven F. Duvall
Field Study Title: An Exploratory Study Assessing the Academic Engagement and Social Interaction of Fifth and Sixth Grade Students with Specific Learning Disabilities in Regular Education, Inclusive, and Resource Rooms
Sarah L. Whitford
School Psychology
Field Study Advisor: Dr. Steven F. Duvall
Field Study Title: An Exploratory Study of the Rate of Academic Engagement and Social Skills for Children with Emotional Disturbances within the Resource Room, Inclusion Setting, and the General Education Classroom
Leaf Yi Zhang
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carrol Haggard
Thesis Title: Instructional Communication Via Video Program in Distance Learning: The Relationship between Instructors’ Immediacy Behaviors, Student Motivation and Satisfaction
Todd R. Buchanan
Geosciences
Thesis Advisor: Dr. John Heinrichs
Comparison of Geographic Information System Software (Arcgis 9.0 and Grass 6.0): Implementation and Case Study
Sean Hottois
Art (Graphic Design)
Thesis Advisor: Karrie Simpson Voth
Thesis Title: Transmuted Perception
Coronda Hoy
Education Administration
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Billy Daley
Thesis Title: College Student Identity Development
Dan Koster
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. C. Sue Strohkirch
Thesis Title: Mud Slinging: Frequency of Negative Television Advertisements Used by Campaigns Affiliated with the Two Major U.S. Political Parties
Neil Ray
Geosciences
Thesis Advisor: Dr. K.R. Neuhauser
Thesis Title: A Refractory Earth Meteorite: Suggested Distant Impact Ejecta from Chicxulub Impact Crater
Sherrie Kay Stawinski
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Eric Gillock
Thesis Title: Characterization of a Saccharopolyspora by 16S rRNA Sequencing, Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Curtis J. Wolf
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. William J. Stark
Thesis Title: Survey of Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoidea) in Three River Drainages and an Evaluation of Seasonal Flow Requirements as a Correlate of Mussel Recruitment
Xiao Xin
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carrol Haggard
Thesis Title: Communication Apprehension of Asian Students’ Speaking English as a Second Language
Tanya L. Beauchamp
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liane Connelly
Thesis Title: Structural Empowerment and Decisional Involvement in Acute Care Nursing
Christina A. Cox
Special Education
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Ronald Fahey
Thesis Title: Experimental Analysis of Electronic and Non-Electronic Strategies for Reading Comprehension
Linda Gobin
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Sandra Tweed
Thesis Title: Intuition: Differences Between Novice and Expert Nurses
Amy Hoffsommer-Cluthe
HHP
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Duane Shepherd
Thesis Title: The Influence of Personality Traits with Physical Activity Participation and Body Esteem
Tamara J. Lynn
Liberal Studies
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Arthur L. Morin
Thesis Title: Effectively Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Juvenile Offenders in Correctional Facilities in the State of Kansas
Denise K. Orth
Communication
Thesis Advisor: Dr. C. Sue Strohkirch
Thesis Title: How Communication Apprehension Influences Radiologic Technology Students’ Messages
Charlotte Schirmer
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liane Connelly
Thesis Title: Leadership Style of Rural Chief Nurse Executives in Kansas
Samantha Scott
English
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Steven Trout
Thesis Title: Multivocality and the Female Bildungsroman: Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine, and Demetria Martínez’s Mother Tongue
Matthew G. Sexson
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Greg Farley
Thesis Title: Nest-Site Selection and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover in Kansas
Snehal Shrivastava
Speech-Language Pathology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Amy Finch
Thesis Title: A Screening Test of Aphasia for Individuals who Speak Hindi
Kimberly R. Strahm
Psychology (Clinical)
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carol Patrick
Thesis Title: Attachment, Self-Esteem, and Cigarette Smoking Habits in College Students
Jane Tanking
Nursing
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Liane Connelly
Thesis Title: Patients’ Perceptions and Nurses’ Perceptions of Nurse Caring Behavior
Anthony Thomas
Biology
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Greg Farley
Thesis Title: Assessment of West Nile Virus Prevalence Using RT-PCR in Resident and Migratory Birds of Western Kansas
TITLE OF THESIS OR DISSERTATION: SIMPLE FORMAT WITH A LONG TITLE SO YOU CAN SEE WHAT TO DO WITH IT
A Dissertation Presented
by
SAMANTHA S. STUDENT
Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (or DOCTOR OF EDUCATION)
Month Year
Official Graduate Program Name
Copyright by Samantha S. Student 2004
All Rights Reserved
TITLE OF THESIS OR DISSERTATION: SIMPLE FORMAT WITH A LONG TITLE SO YOU CAN SEE WHAT TO DO WITH IT
A Dissertation Presented
by
SAMANTHA S. STUDENT
Approved as to style and content by:
Name O. Chairr, Chair
First O. Member, Member
Second M. Name, Member
Name, Department Head or Dean as appropriate Department Name
DEDICATION [optional]
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [optional]
ABSTRACT TITLE OF DISSERTATION
DEGREE DATE
NAME OF STUDENT, B.A., COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY
M.A., COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY
Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST
Directed by: Professor Xxxx Y. Zzzz
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
CHAPTER 1 NEW SCIENTIFIC DARWINISTS Introduction This chapter shows how Darwin's theory of evolution was applied to the study of human evolution by two of the most enthusiastic of the new scientific Darwinists, T. H. Huxley and Ernst Haeckel. Both Huxley and Haeckel adopted the anti-creationist aspects of Darwin's theory and used them to attack many traditional beliefs and social institutions, as well as to advance the claims of science to be an authority within society. The chapter also shows how Darwin's theory provided a basis for the foundation of comparative psychology by G. J. Romanes. Thomas Henry Huxley Huxley argued against primary anthropocentrism and the two forms of evolutionary anthropocentrism--"yes, but" and "Crown of Creation"--which are attempts to resurrect supernatural control of evolution or to portray humans as the goal of creation However, he is himself an example of the "engineering mentality" form of anthropocentrism. In this section of this chapter I focus on Huxley's contribution to the evidence favoring the application of the theory of evolution to human beings. Huxley saw evolution in general and human evolution in particular as what one would expect of life in an ordered but ceaselessly changing universe. According to Huxley, "naught endures save the flow of energy and the rational order which pervades it."1 In using the adjective "rational," Huxley did not suggest that he believed in a rational Mind or Lawgiver rather he meant that he believed the order of the universe to be comprehensible by a rational mind. The principle of the universe is order, and scientists are gradually discovering that order. The most fundamental principles of that order, as they are observed by humans, are described as "laws of nature."2 Life itself and all living forms are a part of that order, as he demonstrated with evidence from biochemistry and evolution. The chemical elements in organic and inorganic nature are identical," as recent scientific analysis of the chemical constituents of protoplasm had shown.3 Huxley made a point of reminding his readers that the chemicals making up living beings are breaking down and being reformed into new individuals all the time and that people belong to that system of life-and-death: Under whatever disguise it takes refuge, whether fungus or oak, worm or man, the living protoplasm not only ultimately dies and is resolved into its mineral and lifeless constituents, but is always dying, and, strange as the paradox may sound, could not live unless it died.4 Discoveries of Organic Chemists and Evolutionists Complementary: a Very Long Title So It Will Wrap
Since the basic elements in living and non-living things are the same, Huxley had no doubt that life had evolved from non-living matter.5 Thus, the discoveries of organic chemists and evolutionists were complementary to each other. If life is made of the same materials as non- life, the evolution of life becomes more plausible. Similarly, if the whole universe is constantly changing, evolution is universal, and the living and non-living worlds are related in that way, too. Most of Huxley's own work as a scientist, and certainly his most famous and important work as an interpreter of science to non-scientists, focused on evolution, particularly as it affects Homo sapiens. Applicability of Darwin's Argument to Human Beings Huxley accepted Darwin's argument for evolution by natural selection and set out to demonstrate the applicability of the argument to human beings. Man's Place in Nature was published in 1863. Although Huxley had given lectures on the subject of the human relationship to apes in 1860 and 1862, Man's Place was the first book to present the anthropological evidence supporting the theory that humans had evolved from or with other primates. The book is a precise and exhaustive examination of anatomical archaeological, and geological evidence for the evolution of Homo sapiens. It contains three essays, "On the Natural History of the Man-Like Apes," "On the Relation of Man to the Lower Animals," and "On Some Fossil Remains of Man." The first essay traced the history of Western man's discoveries of the "man-like apes," and then anatomically compared the various apes to each other and to humans. It also summarized what was known about their behavior. "On the Relations of Man to Lower Animals" demonstrated human similarities to other animals in order to convince the reader that Homo sapiens is in the order of Primates. An Example of a Heading 4 Subdivision Head One of the major controversies of Darwin scholarship is whether or not there is a "Darwinian revolution." I agree with those who consider that Darwin's insights, arguments and impact are significant enough to warrant the title "revolution." Of course, no intellectual revolution occurs without a context.6 Darwin did not invent the idea of evolution; there were major forces for intellectual change in science in general as well as social change. An Example of a Heading 5 Subdivision Head Nevertheless, most educated people still believed in special creation and the Argument from Design; naturalists expected and hoped that the study of nature would "reveal some meaning in it, something about man's place in nature, man's relation with God." Darwin's study did just that--but hardly what had been expected or hoped for.
CHAPTER 2 SECOND CHAPTER TITLE Ernst Heinrich Haeckel Ernst Haeckel, like Huxley, used science as a weapon against some of the prevalent assumptions and institutions of his day. For Haeckel natural selection was both a description of the origin of species and (because it is a mechanical non-teleological explanation of morphology, which paralleled the mechanical explanations of physics and astronomy) the final proof of the "unity of organic and inorganic nature."7 Haeckel wrote a number of books in an attempt to convert non-scientists to his ideas. Many of these were quickly translated into English and sold very well. The most important of his books for an examination of his anti-anthropocentrism are: The History of Creation (translated in 1873); The Evolution of Man (translated 1879); The Last Link (translated 1898); The Riddle of the Universe (1900); and The Wonders of Life (1905). Haeckel's Anti-Anthropocentrism Haeckel is explicitly anti-anthropocentric. Unlike the other people I am considering in this dissertation, Haeckel defined anthropocentrism and several related words, and used them throughout his works. Anthropocentrism, according to Haeckel, is one form of "anthropism: that powerful and world-wide group of erroneous opinions which opposes the human organism to the whole of the rest of nature, and represents it to be the preordained end of the organic creation, an entity essentially distinct from it, a godlike being."8 He distinguished three varieties of anthropism: anthropocentrism, anthropomorphism, and anthropolatrism.9 Anthropocentrism is the one that concerns us here. "The anthropocentric dogma culminates in the idea that man is the preordained centre and aim of all terrestrial life--or, in a wider sense, of the whole universe."10 Haeckel vigorously attacked this belief in human centrality as untrue and arrogant. He used arguments and evidence based on many sciences, including physiology, paleontology, and astronomy.11 But for the most part he used embryology. Haeckel claimed that he was the first to respond to the challenge inherent in Darwin's Origin of Species to reform the classification of species so as to base it on genetic descent. He attempted to outline a provisional family tree for all animal species in General Morphology in 1866; History of Creation is a popularized version of Morphology.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION One of the major controversies of Darwin scholarship is whether or not there is a "Darwinian revolution." I agree with those who consider that Darwin's insights, arguments and impact are significant enough to warrant the title "revolution." Of course, no intellectual revolution occurs without a context.12 Darwin did not invent the idea of evolution; there were major forces for intellectual change in science in general as well as social change. Nevertheless, most educated people still believed in special creation and the Argument from Design; naturalists expected and hoped that the study of nature would "reveal some meaning in it, something about man's place in nature, man's relation with God."13 Darwin's study did just that--but hardly what had been expected or hoped for. Modern scientists and historians of science who argue that there is a "Darwinian revolution" include Michael T. Ghiselin (The Triumph of the Darwinian Method, 1969); Ernst Mayr ("The Nature of the Darwinian Revolution," Science, 1971), David Hull (Darwin and his Critics: the Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community, 1973); and Howard Gruber, (Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity, 1974). Lewontin, Passmore and Coleman also have interesting comments about Darwin's most important contributions.14 Ghiselin, Mayr and Hull agree in regarding essentialism as the most pervasive intellectual assumption of the nineteenth century to be challenged by Darwin's theory. The clearest definition of essentialism is the one Ghiselin borrows from K. R. Popper's Conjectures and Refutations: "essentialism" is the belief that an unchanging essence, whether an ideal form (neo-Platonism) or inherent within each being (Aristotelian philosophy), is what truly exists. In this framework, a "species" is an actual entity, of which the members are merely representatives.
APPENDIX B THE TABLES Table 1: A Short Caption
first 0.45 10.2 103.5 second 1.67 13.8 200.75 third 0.3 2. 0.5
Table 2: A Longer Caption to Show What Happens When it Wraps Around Both Here and in the List
one Now Then Never two Sometime Someway Somehow three Oops Oh well So much for that
APPENDIX C THE FIGURES
Figure 1: Great Falls with a Long Caption to Show How It Wraps in the Appendix and in the List of Figures
Figure 2: Castle
BIBLIOGRAPHY Branford, Victor. Interpretations and Forecasts: A Study of Survivals and Tendencies in Contemporary Society. London: Duckworth & Co., 1914.
Branford, Victor and Geddes, Patrick. The Coming Polity. The Making of the Future. London: Williams & Norgate, 1919.
Darwin, Charles Robert. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1871.
________. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Preface by Konrad Lorenz. London: D. Appleton, 1872; reprint ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
________. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Introduction by Ernst Mayr. London: Murray. 1859; facsimile ed., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.
Geddes, Patrick. Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics. London: Williams & Norgate, 1915; reprint ed., London: Ernest Benn, 1968.
________. Cities in Evolution. Edited by The Outlook Tower Association, Edinburgh, and The Association for Planning and Regional Reconstruction, London. Jaqueline Tyrwhitt, General Editor. London: Williams & Norgate, Ltd., 1949.
________. City Development: A Report to the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust. Introduction by Peter Green. Edinburgh, 1904; reprint ed., New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1973.
________. "Morphology." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9th ed. (1883) XVI:836-47.
________. Patrick Geddes: Spokesman for Man and the Environment. Edited and Introduction by Marshall Stalley. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1972.
________. "Variation and Selection." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9th ed. (1888) XXIV:76-85.
Geddes, Patrick and Slater, Gilbert. Ideas at War. The Making of the Future. London: Williams & Norgate, 1917.
Geddes, Patrick and Thomson, John Arthur. Evolution. Home University Library. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1911.
Geddes and Thomson. The Evolution of Sex. London: Walter Scott, 1889.
Haeckel, Ernst. The Evolution of Man: A Popular Exposition of the Principal Points of Human Ontogeny and Phylogeny. 3rd ed. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1892.
________. The Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century. New York: Harper & Brothers.
________. The Wonders of Life: A Popular Study of Biological Philosophy. Translated by Joseph McCabe. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1905.
Mathematical and computer models are important tools that are available to investigate natural phenomena. They can be used to model many systems. In this thesis, mathematical models are developed, implemented and applied to research involving the human brain and in particular, the human visual cortex. The visual cortex constitutes a relatively large part of the cerebral cortex. It is often used in investigations of the human brain because conclusions regarding the visual cortex can be extended to other regions of the brain. Virtually all information from the visual system is recognised as first being processed by the primary visual cortex and is then passed to other regions of the brain involved in more complex processing.
The primary visual cortex has a retinotopic mapping in that one spot in the retinal visual field maps directly to a spot on the primary visual cortex. However, there is disagreement as to the amount of cortex that is allocated to the representation of central vision or other portions of the visual field. A mathematical formulation of this mapping is presented and mapping functions which transform the surface representing the retina to the surface representing the visual cortex are developed.
If the head is modelled as three concentric spherical shells and neural sources of brain activity are modelled as dipoles, then a mathematical model which incorporates biophysical properties can be used to estimate the location of sources which generate a set of electrical potentials measured on the surface of the scalp. This model is known as dipole source localisation. The forward problem, which is the prediction of a potential distribution due to a given electrical source is implemented, and the inverse problem, which is to determine a dipole source that is the best generator of a given potential distribution is solved in the least squares sense. Monte Carlo simulations and mathematical analysis show that the optimal reference electrode to use in dipole analysis is a weighted version of the common average reference. Monte Carlo simulations are also used to investigate the accuracy of confidence regions surrounding the estimated dipole parameters.
Subsequently, a methodology for modelling a region of cortex from magnetic resonance images is developed. This methodology is applied to the calcarine fissure and surrounding grey matter to produce a three dimensional surface reconstruction of the visual cortex. This model is used to provide anatomical constraints in the dipole source localisation model. These models are then applied to visual evoked potential data obtained from an experiment which uses a chromatic grating stimulus. Results reveal that these mathematical and computer models, combined with imaging and experimental approaches, elicit new information and improved results in investigations of the human brain.
Welcome to my lens. Here I will provide a step by step system for making money with paid to read email programs. I will show you how to set everything up and what programs to join and how to build your income. For best results I recommend reading this page carefully and following the plan I provide.
1. Introduction
Since the first detection of a planetary-mass object in 1989 (Latham et al. 1989) and
the explicit detection six years later of a Jupiter-sized planet in orbit about 51 Peg (Mayor
& Queloz 1995), the number of known extrasolar planets has ballooned to almost 190. By
any standard of measure, these discoveries have dramatically altered our conception of the
universe. Indeed, until the discovery of the planet around 51 Peg, one could plausibly argue
that planet formation was rare, and that our Solar System was one of a few (if not the
only) planetary systems in the galaxy. Instead, we are confronted with the prospect that planetary formation is a relatively routine occurrence during the formation of stars; with
all that this implies about the chances of finding a world similar to Earth elsewhere in the
cosmos.
In addition to confirming the frequency of planetary systems, the properties displayed
by the discovered extrasolar planets have forced a rethinking of modern planet formation
and dynamical interaction theories. Specifically, the presence of large numbers of jovian
planets orbiting very close to their parent stars (so called “hot Jupiters”) have necessitated
the creation of new models of planetary migration that allow jovian-worlds formed outside
the “snow-line” to spiral in closer to their parent star (Lin et al. 1996; Ward 1997).
To date, there are three reliable ways by which extrasolar planets have been detected.
The first is the Radial Velocity (RV) method, which uses the Doppler shift of observed
stellar spectra to look for periodic variations in the target star’s radial velocity. By then
determining the mass of stellar target (or otherwise estimating it from models), the observed
radial velocity curve and velocity semi-amplitude can then be used to directly calculate the
inclination-dependent mass (M sin i) of the companion object. While this gives only the
minimum mass of these objects, the large number of detections of systems whose unseen
companion has a mass on the order of 1MJup sin i statistically ensures that the majority of
these are planetary bodies.
Currently, the state of the art in RV surveys is the High Accuracy Radial Velocity
Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectrometer at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. Capable
of radial velocity measurements precise to under 1 ms?1 for extended periods of time, it is able to detect planets with masses on the order of 3 to 4M© in a wide range of
orbits. Unfortunately, smaller planets will be increasingly difficult to detect using RV
methods. Stellar variability, in the form of acoustic oscillation modes and granulations on
the photosphere, makes more precise spectroscopic radial velocity measurements harder to
acquire. However, it may be possible to surmount this obstacle (as in the case of the system
mentioned in the previous footnote) through extensive knowledge of the seismology of the
the target star and long integration times that allow the stellar variability to average out.
Another technique for detecting extrasolar planets is microlensing surveys. Microlensing
of a star occurs when a massive object passes through the line of sight of the observer to the
star. The gravity of the object acts as a lens on the light emitted by the star, which causes
the star to become momentarily brighter as more light is directed towards the observer.
The most well known microlensing survey is the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment
(OGLE), which was originally conceived as a narrow-field search for distant microlensing
events caused by dark matter. It was quickly realized, however, that the massive amount
of photometry generated by OGLE was also conducive to searching for planet-induced
microlensing. Indeed, in the last two years, four planets have been discovered by monitoring
microlensing events detected by the OGLE collaboration: OGLE-2003-BLG-235 (Bond et
al. 2004), OGLE-2005-BLG-071 (Udalski et al. 2005), OGLE-2005-BLG-390 (Beaulieu et
al. 2006), and OGLE-2005-BLG-169 (Gould et al. 2006a).
The third method by which extrasolar planets have been discovered is the Transit
Detection technique, which looks for the periodic dimming of a target star that occurs
when an orbiting planet passes in front of the stellar disk. This requires a very specific set
of orbital characteristics to yield a transit visible from Earth (the orbital plane has to be
aligned to within a few degrees of the line of sight), and therefore transiting planets are
expected to be a rarer sight than planets detectable through RV observations. Nevertheless, a transiting extrasolar planet offers the opportunity to not only determine the mass of
that planet (assuming that follow-up RV work is feasible) since the i in M sin i is now
measurable, but also the planetary radius. This allows for a deeper understanding of
not only the composition of extrasolar planets, but also the dynamics of the interiors of
jovian worlds. Additionally, and unlike RV surveys, transiting planets should be readably
detectable down to 1R© and beyond, even for relatively long periods. NASA’s Kepler
mission, which is presently scheduled for launch in the fall of 2008, will consist of a
space-based telescope whose primary mission is to search for transiting planets of just this
size within the habitable zones of main-sequence stars.
The first transiting planet was discovered around HD209458 in late 1999. It was
initially identified as an extremely short-period planetary system by RV measurements in
the spring of that year; it was its short (3.5 day) period and the relative brightness of the
parent star (mV = 7.65) that prompted photometric observations of HD209458 in the hope
that the orbital geometry was sufficient for an observable transit (Charbonneau et al. 2000;
Henry et al. 2000). Since that time, eight more transiting planets have been discovered.
Two of them, HD189733b (Bouchy et al. 2005b) and HD149026b (Sato et al. 2005), were
identified first by spectroscopic RV surveys; similar to how HD209458b was found. Five of
the known transiting extrasolar planets were discovered in the OGLE data sets,2 proving
the efficacy of that project to detect not only microlensing planets, but transits as well.
Unfortunately, because OGLE concentrates its observations on relatively faint (mV ¼ 16)
stars, follow-up spectroscopic observation of the OGLE planets is extremely difficult and
has only been done for a portion of the OGLE planets. In the end, only one transiting planet, TrES-1 (Alonso et al. 2004), has been detected
by a photometric survey specifically designed to find planets around bright stars that allow
for spectroscopic follow-up, despite there being over 20 such searches currently underway.
This dearth of results is in stark contrast to the general expectation following the discovery
of HD209458b that wide-field photometric transit surveys would discover literally thousands
of transiting extrasolar planets (Horne 2003).
The reasons for the low number of transit detections relative to expectations are varied
and complex. Partly, this is because the frequency of planets in close orbits about their
parent stars (the planets most likely to transit) is much lower than was originally expected.
Recent examinations of the results from the OGLE-III field by Gould et al. (2006b) indicate
that the frequency of short-period jovian-worlds is on the order of 1
400 , not 1
100 as is often
assumed from looking at RV surveys. They point out that most spectroscopic planet
searches are usually intentionally biased by the planet-hunting observer towards targeting
metal-rich stars, which are expected to have more planets than the average solar-metallicity
star.
Furthermore, many of the older estimates for the number of expected detections
assumed that all the stars with a photometric precision of less than 1% in a given field
would allow for successful detections, provided the orbital geometry yielded a transit (itself
a roughly 10% chance). However, not all of the stars in a field are on the main-sequence.
Evolved stars constitute a non-negligible population that are capable of allowing precise
photometric measurements, but any planets in orbit around such stars are beyond the
detectable reach of present-day photometric surveys.
Also, further reflection reveals that the photometric precision afforded by a star may
not be the proper metric by which to judge the detection abilities of a transit survey. After
all, one may observe three transits of a star with a precision of 1%, but if one only has three in-transit data points on a 2% deep transit, then the later identification of that event
as a transit will be difficult to say the least. Therefore, instead of photometric precision, a
better detection metric is the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of a transit.
In this paper, we use the S/N of transits to statistically calculate the number of
hot-Jupiters (HJs) and very hot-Jupiters (VHJs) that a given transiting planet survey
should be able to detect. We account for factors such as the low frequency of short period
jovian planets, variations in stellar density due to galactic structure, and extinction due to
interstellar dust. We also realistically account for the number of main-sequence stars that
will be in a given field. We restrict ourselves to HJs and VHJs because their short periods
(1-5 days) dramatically increase not only their probability of transiting their parent star,
but also the probability that they will be observed in transit within a reasonable amount
of time by a survey (the so-called “window probability”). It should be noted, however,
that our methods are easily expanded to consider a wider set of possible planets. We first
describe the mathematical formalism with which we have chosen to address this problem,
and then move on to discuss our specific assumptions and our choices for fixed fiducial
parameters. We then offer our own predictions for the detection rate of a ground-based
(TrES) and a space-based photometric survey (Kepler), and compare these to either the
actual detection rates (for TrES) or the detection rates proposed elsewhere (for Kepler).
